Content Introduction Equipment Oocyte preparation Recording Additional tips Introduction What is two-electrode voltage clamp? Two-electrode voltage clamp is a recording technique that uses separate electrodes for current injection and voltage measurement into the same cell. Why use two electrodes? Current injection through a microelectrode always leads to a voltage deflection over the electrode’s resistance. While this induces only a minor error in patch clamp recordings, the error becomes larger as the currents increase. In a two electode voltage clamp setup, where we have currents in the µA range and electrode resistances of ~1 MΩ, this voltage deflection is in the range of 1 V or more. So, the error is larger than the signal of interest – here tens of mV. By separating current injection and voltage measurement, we can have in injection of high currents through one electrode and a precise voltage measurement at the other electrode. What are typical applications

Content Background Common sources of noise and interference How to ground your electrophysiology setup How to handle electrostatic discharge (ESD) Reducing noise: trial and error Quick tips for success Grounding and electrostatics guide for electrophysiology setups What is grounding and why is it important? Grounding is the process of creating a stable reference point for electrical systems, called "ground" or "earth." In electrophysiology, where we measure extremely small voltages and currents, grounding is critical. A stable ground ensures accurate measurements and reduces noise or interference in your data. Why do electrophysiology measurements need stable grounds? Electrical measurements rely on comparing voltages between two points. The lowest potential, or ground, is set to 0 volts. If the ground is unstable, all voltage measurements will shift, even if the actual signals remain unchanged. Proper grounding keeps the reference point stable and measurements reliable. Back to top. Common sources of noise and interference Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) Problem: EMFs